Vol. 9, Issue - 3, Part B (2025)

The concept of embryogenesis with reference to philosophical and medical explorations: A review

Unani medicine offers a holistic as well as philosophical perspective on human development, emphasizing the interconnectedness of bodily structures and functions. The human body is composed of various organs, each derived from the denser part of Akhlat (humours), which in turn originate from Arkan (basic elements). These organs are classified as simple (homogeneous) or compound (heterogeneous), with compound organs serving as instruments for complex bodily functions. Organ development, or organogenesis, is guided by the innate faculties of the body, particularly Ruṭūbat Ghariziyya (innate moisture) and Ḥarārat Ghariziyya (innate heat), which are essential for growth, sustenance, and eventual natural death. Central to Unani embryological thought is the belief that reproduction ensures species continuity and that the formation and differentiation of the human embryo are orchestrated by Physis (the vital force) along with transformative and morphogenetic faculties. Rooted in the balance of Mizaj (temperament) and the arrangement of Arkan, this framework highlights the status of humans as Ashraf ul Makhluqat (the noblest of all creatures). This study revisits classical Unani theories on reproduction and foetal development, offering valuable insights into the origins, progression, and coordination of life from conception to maturation.